Tools
What to set
Small instruments for the moment you are standing in front of it. The Sundial answers whether tonight is worth going; these answer what to do when you get there.
Long exposure
You metered without the filter. How long with it on?
Your metered speed, and which filters go on the front.
Depth of field
What comes out sharp, and where to focus so the most of it does.
Sensor, focal length, aperture, and where you focused.
Panorama
How many frames cover the sweep, and how far to turn between them.
Sensor, focal length, how wide a sweep, how much the frames overlap.
Movement
How fast to stop a moving subject, and how slow to smear it.
What is moving and how fast, how far off it is, and your lens.